journal F cijkl = Equation 2 + ? x ijkl + ? y ijkl + ? c ( ? x ijkl ) + ? c ( ? y ijkl )
ijkl and yijkl equal 0. xijkl indicates local-spouse-hypergamy (migrant spouse is more educated than local spouse), and yijkl indicates local-spouse-hypogamy (migrant spouse is less educated than local spouse). Thus, when i equals 0 and j equals 1 (migrant husband and local wife), xijkl equals 1 if k > l and 0 otherwise, yijkl equals 1 if k < l>
2nd, i size ining how the probability of hukou intermarriage alter having for every wife or husband’s degree (Gullickson and you will Torche, 2014), and in addition we next see variation into the markets change between the two metropolises.
diary F cijkl = Equation 2 + ? p = step 1 2 ? p you pij + ? q = 1 dos ? q w qij + ? c ? p = step one dos ? p you pij + ? c ? q = step 1 2 ? q w qij
When i equals j (hukou homogamy), both upij and wqij equal 0. upij measures the education effects for migrant spouses to form hukou intermarriages, and wqij measures the education effects for local spouses to form hukou intermarriages. When i equals 0 and j equals 1 (migrant husband and local wife), upij equals 1 if k >p and wqij equals 1 kauneimmat Unkarilainen naiset maailmassa if l > q; when i equals 1 and j equals 0 (local husband and migrant wife), upij equals 1 if l > p and wqij equals 1 if k > q.
Thus, this model estimates separately how migrants’ and locals’ likelihoods of marrying across hukou boundaries change as their educations change. Specifically, ?p and ?q capture how the log-odds of hukou intermarriage change for migrants and locals, respectively, when moving up one level of education from either p or q (e.g., from less than high school to high school). Positive values of ? indicate that the odds of hukou intermarriage increase as migrant spouses’ educations increase, and negative values indicate that the odds of hukou intermarriage decrease as migrant spouses’ educations increase. ? provides the same information for local spouses. We expect ? to be positive and S to be negative, and we expect n and ? to be less pronounced in Shanghai than in Shenzhen.
Descriptive Results
Descriptive leads to Table 1 reveal hukou area pairings of spouses by the urban area. Into the Shanghai, in the 47% away from small-census have been developed ranging from a couple migrants; inside Shenzhen, one to fee try over 70%. Regarding the 38% away from marriages involved several local partners within the Shanghai, while 15% out-of marriages got one or two local spouses inside the Shenzhen. Demonstrably, some body had a tendency to get married in their hukou condition class both in metropolises. Both in metropolises, marriage ceremonies between a community husband and you may a beneficial migrant wife have been much likely to be than marriages between good migrant husband and you can an area spouse that occurs (13% versus. 3% within the Shanghai and eleven% vs. 4% for the Shenzhen). New percentage of hukou locality homogamy is comparable from the a couple metropolises. But really, we need to interpret the results with alerting, as the display out-of migrants differs during these two towns. The fresh cousin measurements of migrants and natives brings architectural relationship possibilities for those to seek possible partners and in the end ). Log-linear data lets us view the amount of hukou homogamy, online of your compositional outcomes, because of the handling to own limited withdrawals regarding hukou updates.
Desk step 1.
We earliest expose the fresh withdrawals away from studies attainment to own migrant husbands, regional husbands, migrant wives, and you will regional wives when you look at the for every single area, correspondingly, when you look at the Shape step one . Typically, migrants are quicker knowledgeable than simply neighbors, aside from gender, in both Shanghai and Shenzhen. One of migrants, men are top educated than just feamales in one another Shanghai and you may Shenzhen. In contrast, among residents, the fresh gender gap inside the training are sometimes brief otherwise stopped: regional dudes an average of are merely quite ideal knowledgeable than just the women counterparts during the Shenzhen, and you may local feminine on average be more educated than just the male counterparts in the Shanghai. Log-linear models control to the studies inequalities between individuals and you may ranging from residents and you will migrants to fully capture the latest contacts between spouses’ studies and you may between instructional and you will hukou area assortative mating, online of one’s marginal distributions out of spouses’ faculties.